Jumat, 26 September 2008

asma pada anak

PENDAHULUAN

  • Kejadian asma pada anak semakin meningkat.
  • Prevalensi di Indonesia : 10 % terjadi pada anak usia 6-7 tahun dan 6,5 % pada anak usia <>

DEFINISI

  • Mengi berulang
  • Batuk persisten
  • Asma paling mungkin
  • Sebab lain telah disingkirkan

PATOFISIOLOGI

  • Obstruksi jalan nafas
  • Kombinasi spasme otot polos bronkus, edema mukosa & sumbatan mukus
  • Sumbatan jalan nafas menyebabkan :
  • Peningkatan tahanan jalan nafas
  • Terperangkapnya udara
  • Hiperinflasi

PERUBAHAN PATOLOGIS

  • Spasme bronkus
  • Edema
  • Hipersekresi

Pada Asma Berat, terjadi perubahan patologis yang menetap berupa:

  • Deskuamasi epitel
  • Hiperplasi kelenjar mukosa
  • Penebalan membran basalis
  • Hipertrofi otot polos

Faktor predisposisi yang memudahkan terjadinya sumbatan saluran nafas bawah pada bayi & anak kecil, antara lain :

  • Saluran nafas bayi & anak lebih pendek & lebih sempit.
  • Kelenturan system bronkus belum berkembang sempurna.
  • Sistem kolateral dalam paru belum berkembang sempurna.
  • Insersi diafragma pada bayi terletak horizontal.
  • Serat otot diafragma masih sedikit ® mudah lelah.
  • Otot polos saluran nafas perifer belum berkembang sempurna.
  • Hiperplasi kelenjar mukus di bronkus utama.

GAMBARAN KLINIS

  • Sangat bervariasi
  • Serangan dapat terjadi mendadak atau perlahan.
  • Serangan akut dapat dipicu oleh : udara dingin, asap rokok, SO2, debu rumah, bulu binatang, dll.
  • Gejala serangan asma dapat berupa : batuk, mengi, takipnea, sesak nafas, ekspirasi memanjang, sianosis, hiperinflasi dada, takikardi, pulsus paradoksus.
  • Pada serangan asma yang hebat : mengi tidak terdengar, nyeri abdomen, hati & lien mungkin teraba.

DIAGNOSIS

Didasarkan atas :

  • Anamnese
  • Pemeriksaan fisik
  • Pemeriksaan penunjang

TUJUAN TATA LAKSANA

  • Meredakan penyempitan jalan nafas secepat mungkin
  • Mengurangi hipoksemia
  • Mengembalikan fungsi paru pada keadaan normal
  • Rencana tata laksana untuk mencegah kekambuhan
Word of the Day

raillery discuss

Definition:(noun) Light teasing repartee.
Synonyms:backchat, banter, give-and-take
Usage:Excitement instantly seized the whole party: a running fire of raillery and jests was proceeding when Sam returned.

Article of the Day

The Ghost Dance

The Ghost Dance is the main ritual of a messianic religious movement that gained a widespread following among Native American groups in the American West during the late 19th century. The dance, which incorporates traditional circle dance rituals, was created by a member of the Paiute tribe known as Wovoka, who taught that it would hasten the ousting of whites, the restoration of traditional lands, and the resurrection of the dead. What role did the Ghost Dance play in the Wounded Knee massacre? More... Discuss

This Day in History

F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby Is Published (1925)

Considered to be Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby is a devastating critique of the American Dream and materialism at the height of the Roaring Twenties. It is the story of a bootlegger, Jay Gatsby, whose obsessive dream of wealth and lost love is destroyed by a corrupt reality. Today used as required reading in many high schools, the book has been cited as the paragon of the Great American Novel. Why did Fitzgerald dislike the title, and what did he want to call his novel? More... Discuss

Today's Birthday

Hugo Grotius (1583)

Grotius was a Dutch jurist, philosopher, and writer. He enrolled at the University of Leiden at the age of 11 and became a lawyer at 15. Among his key legal treatises is the first definitive text on international law, On the Law of War and Peace, which prescribes rules for the conduct of war and advances the idea that nations are bound by natural law. In 1615, he became involved in a religious controversy that extended to politics and was eventually imprisoned. How did he escape? More... Discuss

In the News

Quote of the Day
Noise proves nothing. Often a hen who has merely laid an egg cackles as if she had laid an asteroid.
Mark Twain
(1835-1910)
Discuss

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