Jumat, 26 September 2008

asma pada anak

PENDAHULUAN

  • Kejadian asma pada anak semakin meningkat.
  • Prevalensi di Indonesia : 10 % terjadi pada anak usia 6-7 tahun dan 6,5 % pada anak usia <>

DEFINISI

  • Mengi berulang
  • Batuk persisten
  • Asma paling mungkin
  • Sebab lain telah disingkirkan

PATOFISIOLOGI

  • Obstruksi jalan nafas
  • Kombinasi spasme otot polos bronkus, edema mukosa & sumbatan mukus
  • Sumbatan jalan nafas menyebabkan :
  • Peningkatan tahanan jalan nafas
  • Terperangkapnya udara
  • Hiperinflasi

PERUBAHAN PATOLOGIS

  • Spasme bronkus
  • Edema
  • Hipersekresi

Pada Asma Berat, terjadi perubahan patologis yang menetap berupa:

  • Deskuamasi epitel
  • Hiperplasi kelenjar mukosa
  • Penebalan membran basalis
  • Hipertrofi otot polos

Faktor predisposisi yang memudahkan terjadinya sumbatan saluran nafas bawah pada bayi & anak kecil, antara lain :

  • Saluran nafas bayi & anak lebih pendek & lebih sempit.
  • Kelenturan system bronkus belum berkembang sempurna.
  • Sistem kolateral dalam paru belum berkembang sempurna.
  • Insersi diafragma pada bayi terletak horizontal.
  • Serat otot diafragma masih sedikit ® mudah lelah.
  • Otot polos saluran nafas perifer belum berkembang sempurna.
  • Hiperplasi kelenjar mukus di bronkus utama.

GAMBARAN KLINIS

  • Sangat bervariasi
  • Serangan dapat terjadi mendadak atau perlahan.
  • Serangan akut dapat dipicu oleh : udara dingin, asap rokok, SO2, debu rumah, bulu binatang, dll.
  • Gejala serangan asma dapat berupa : batuk, mengi, takipnea, sesak nafas, ekspirasi memanjang, sianosis, hiperinflasi dada, takikardi, pulsus paradoksus.
  • Pada serangan asma yang hebat : mengi tidak terdengar, nyeri abdomen, hati & lien mungkin teraba.

DIAGNOSIS

Didasarkan atas :

  • Anamnese
  • Pemeriksaan fisik
  • Pemeriksaan penunjang

TUJUAN TATA LAKSANA

  • Meredakan penyempitan jalan nafas secepat mungkin
  • Mengurangi hipoksemia
  • Mengembalikan fungsi paru pada keadaan normal
  • Rencana tata laksana untuk mencegah kekambuhan

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stoicism discuss

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Synonyms:stolidness
Usage:With the stoicism of the brutes who had raised him he endured his suffering quietly.

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